进化理论能否证明利他主义真的存在?

Can Evolutionary Theories Prove Altruism Really Exists?

本文的主要目的是研究人类利他主义是否存在,并且可能的话研究人类利他主义是以何种确切的方式存在的。本文首先讨论了各种进化理论是如何解释自然界中的生物利他主义的;然后检验D.威尔逊运用多层选择理论来论证人类利他主义存在的尝试是否成功。在这个基础上,区分了关于心理和行为两个方面的强利他主义和弱利他主义。最后争辩说,在人类社会中,弱心理利他主义存在而强心理利他主义不存在,并且弱行为利他主义存在而强行为利他主义不存在。

The main aim of this paper is to investigate whether human altruism exists,and if possible,to investigate in what precise ways do human altruism exists.First I study how various evolutionary theories account for biological altruism in nature,and then examine whether David S.Wilson's attempt by using multilevel selection theory to prove human altruism exists is successful.After that,I draw distinctions between strong altruism and weak altruism concerning both psychology and behavior.Finally,I contend that for human beings,weak psychological altruism exists while strong psychological altruism does not;and weak behavioral altruism exists while strong behavioral altruism does not.