民法典编撰背景下商事责任特殊性考察――兼及商事责任的立法模式

Investigation on the Particularity of Commercial Liability Under the Background of Civil Code Compilation

商事责任的特殊性从形成上来源于商人实践与立法确认和规制的博弈;从本质上来源于商事交易中的风险分配;从表现形式来说,体现为商事责任的加重和减轻两个方面。其中,商事加重责任表现在对商主体义务设定的加重、商事责任行为解释严格法定、商事举证责任的加重以及连带责任形式在商事责任中的广泛适用四个方面;商事减轻责任集中表现在责任范围限定和短期时效两个方面。由于不同商事的不同特性导致在诸多交易模式中商事风险分配方式大相径庭,民法典在编撰中宜仅就民事责任一般情形作出规定,为商事责任立法留出空间。

The particularity of commercial liability came from business practices and legislation rules. It actually came from risk allocation of business transactions. The particularity is in the form of enhanced liability and diminished liability. The enhanced liability includes the deterioration of the obligation, the strict legal explanation of commercial responsibility behavior, the deterio-ration of the burden of proof and the wide use of joint and several liability in commercial responsibility. The diminished liability includes limitation of liability scope and short-period prescription. Because of the particularity of commercial liability,risk allocation in different commercial modes is so different Civil code compilation should only prescribe the general condition of commercial liability, making room for commercial liability legislation.