论宋朝边区的“省地”划分问题

Demarcation of Shengdi in the Frontier of the Song Dynasty

宋朝的"省地"指朝廷稳定管辖的州县属地,属区域地理概念,常用于边区,主要是川峡、荆湖及广南路边区。大部分内里地区以及与辽、夏、金相邻的边区,则基本不用省地的概念。省地的省民一般包括汉户和各族熟户。熟户如同汉户一样纳税,部分地区有所差别,均比照省地方式进行管理。省地之外,则有"量纳"税物的熟户以及没有税物关系的生户。羁縻州通过"量纳"税赋或贡物形成系属关系,接受省地正州管束,但不属于省地,彼此界限分明;与交趾邻界的广西路羁縻州则不同,均视为省地范围。省地划分成为宋朝西南边区及其人户层次划分的一个重要基础,也是多样化政策实施的一个基本依据。

Against the circumstances of Chuanxia, Jinghu and Guangxi prefectures in the Song Dynasty, the demarcation of regions and citizenship by the Song Court differed from other dynasties by one of its important bases on the demarcation of Shengdi. On one hand, there have already been numerous research results in the academic circle about the study of the minority policy, Jimi area, etc. at the southwest frontier in the Song Dynasty; on the other hand, there have been no specialized researches on the demarcation of Shengdi and its subsequent relative policies till now. This paper classifies and analyzes the following issues： （a） the wording of Shengdi in the Song, as a special regional geographical concept, refers to the area under a stable jurisdiction by the Song Court＇s prefecture or county. Shengdi was hardly applied to the large scale inner areas or to the borderland area with Liao, Xia and Jin. In contrast, it was usually applied to the area in the southwest frontier, like Chuanxia, Jinghu, and West Guangnan, differentiated from J imi prefecture or county, and minority densely settled area. （b） The civilians in Shengdi mainly included the Han household and the ＂Shu household.＂ Shu payed tax as Han did, with the tax varying in certain areas. Both Shu and Han were accordingly administrated by its superior prefecture and county. Outside Shengdi, ＂Shu household＂ in related Jimi prefecture or tribe payed ＂Liangna,＂ i. e. symbolically paying tax or tribute so as to be subordinate to its superior prefecture or county. Some ＂Shu household＂ payed ＂dual tax＂ to the Song Court and its own tribe, so as to be ＂a dual household.＂ Outside Shengdi, the tribe areas with appointed economic relationship were defined as the ＂Sheng boundary＂ and the ＂Sheng household. ＂ Since the expansion of boundary in the mid Northern Song Dynasty, many changed into Shengdi and ＂Shu household.＂ （c） The early Song Dynasty saw a development o{ 300 Jimi prefectures. They formed an ＂affiliatioff＇ with the Song governments through ＂paying tax or tribute.＂ The Jimi prefectures, where there lived the ＂ Sheng household＂ and the ＂ Shu household,＂ were administrated by Shengdi, its superior prefecture or county; in other words, Jimi prefecture did not belong to Shengdi. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Jimi prefectures were much reduced in scale and number. However, in areas with Jimi system, the frontier distinction and policies were conducted as before. （d） Nevertheless, Shengdi in the frontier along Guangxi Prefecture was differently demarcated： the Qiyuan Prefecture, Guihua Prefecture and Shunan Prefecture （part of ancient Vietnam） were considered to be within the Song＇s Shengdi domain, and accordingly, people living there were considered as ＂Shengmin.＂ The stable Jirni prefecture system ran through the Northern Song to the Southern Song Dynasty with nearly no change at all. The demarcation of Shengdi in the Song Dynasty served as a benchmark to differentiate areas and households in the frontier, and it was an important base for the application of diversified policies as well.