论商标权的宪法基础——以美国法的变迁为线索

On the Constitutional Basis of Trademark Rights ——the Change of American Trademark Law as a clue

美国宪法不仅是个法律文件,更是促进经济增长的商业工具。美国宪法建立了完善的政治和法律框架,而这种框架为美国商业发展打下了牢固的基础。美国宪法中的知识产权条款为著作权法、专利法提供了基础性的保障。然而,同样援引知识产权条款制定的商标法却因违宪被判无效。美国商标法的坎坷命运道出了商标权之与众不同。商标之所以受到法律的保护,仅仅是因为商标具有显著性而为人成功注册或是使用于商业活动上即可。重生于"贸易条款"的美国商标法昭示着,商标法与著作权法、专利法的本质区别在于其宗旨在于贸易秩序的维护,而非文化和科学发展的促进。美国经验也解释了,商标权与消费者利益是商标法一体两面之目的,这两者之间的保护力度随着社会现实条件的需要而发生变化。

The constitution of the United States is not only a legal document but a commercial tool to promote economic growth. The U.S. constitution stipulates complete political and legal framework, which provides solid basis for U.S. commercial development. Additionally, intellectual property rights provisions in the constitution provide basic security for the copyright law and patent law. However, the trademark law also cited from intellectual property provisions is ruled invalid..The U.S. trademark rebirthed in the ＂terms of trade＂ beckons that the essential difference between the trademark law on one hand and copyright law and patent law on the other hand lies in the maintain of trade order, rather than the promotion of cultural and scientific development.The experience of the United States also explains that trademark right and the interests of consumers are the two sides of trademark law. The protection effort between these two changes with the need of the social realistic condition.