头人首领、等级制社会与现代化——从《凉山夷家》及其后续研究讲起

Chiefs,Hierarchyand Modernization:Departing from the Re-study of The Yi People of Liangshan

本文是一项学术史研究,通过重温和比较林耀华先生三次赴凉山彝族地区的考察研究,来探寻他所思考的民族地区现代化转型的经验与问题,以期有益于拓宽"藏彝走廊"的研究思路。林耀华在1943年初访凉山时,注意到彝族社会的头人、等级制和声望竞争的特点。这些特点曾经为明清时期的国家控制所利用,国家通过将头人收编为土司来驱使其按照国家意志征服其他夷部。而等级制的内在封闭性也形成凉山现代化改革的困境。林耀华在20世纪80年代的考察中发现,经济发展有可能是改变凉山社会精神结构和社会结构的突破口。而在这个过程中,地方市场的发展仍需依托于政治关系来运行。

As a study of academic history and by reviewing and comparing Lin Yaohua＇s three surveys,the paper provide an insight into how Lin think about the experiences and problems during modern transformation process of minority societies. We hope the discussion would be helpful to expand the approach of ＂Tibetan-Yi-corridor＂ re- search. When Lin visited Liangshan in 1943 for the first time,he noticed some characters of Yi society,that are chiefs, hierarchy and competition for reputation.These characters were used by government in the Ming and Qing dynasties,often through regularizing the chiefs and appointing them to Tusi, a kind of official position, to command them to conquer other savage tribes. And the internal closure of hierarchy institution with the headman created ob- stacles to modernization. Lin found in his re-investigation in 1980s that economic development was probably shaking the traditional spiritual and social structure.While in this process,the development of local market still depended on political operation.