问题与主义——山西试办农业生产合作社的历史实践及思想意涵

Problems and Doctrines:Historical Practice and Philosophical Implication of the Pilot Agricultural Cooperatives in Shanxi

新中国成立之初,在山西省委与中共中央华北局之间产生了一场关于老区农村向何处去的争论。文章通过对当时农村调查报告和相关政策文件的再解读,并结合历史当事人的观念感觉和实践举措,认为山西省委试图"把老区的互助组织提高一步"的做法凸显了自上而下的政策规制和自下而上的问题解决互为关联的总体性历史实践。中共中央华北局对山西省委做法的批评尽管来自于对中共七届二中全会决议和《共同纲领》政策精神的贯彻和把握,但双方争论的持续发酵和扩大则表明在"问题与主义"的认知和处理上是存在较大差异的。这种差异性不仅为他们在试办合作社问题上的歧见、争论提供了历史场域,而且也折射出了新中国政治经济状况变化的复杂性和多样性对农村发展方向的决定性影响。

In the initial period of the founding of New China,a debate took place between Shanxi provincial government and the North China Bureau of the CPC Central Committee over where the rural areas in the old liberated regions should go. Through reviewing the rural investigation reports and relevant policy documents of that particular period,in combination with the ideology and practical measures of the people involved,this paper points out that Shanxi provincial government's attempt to"take the mutual aid organizations of the old liberated regions up another notch"highlights a comprehensive practice combining both top-down policy regulation and bottom-up problem solution. Criticisms from the North China Bureau of the CPC Central Committee may represent the spirit of the resolution of the Second Plenary Session of the 7th CPC Central Committee and the Common Program,but the raging debate between the two sides lays bare a remarkable disparity in treating the"problems and doctrines". The disparity not only provides a historical field for both sides to argue over the issue of trial cooperatives,but also reflects the decisive influence of the complexity and diversity of the changing political and economic situation of New China on the direction of rural development.