从淠史杭灌区的建设过程看集体农业的粮食增产中介

Intermediate in Increased Food Production of Collective Agriculture as Seen Through the Construction Process of Pishihang Irrigation Region

淠史杭灌区是新中国最大灌区,其受益区集中于水旱灾害最为严重的淮河中游地带。新中国成立之后,中央政府从治淮目标出发投资了山区的大型水库;农业集体化过程中间地方政府增强了组织和动员剩余劳动力的能力,1958年确立"两条腿走路"的方针后,短期内地方政府获得了部分投资物品的分配权,得以结合海量的剩余劳动力的投入去兴建灌区渠道和反调节水库体系。困难时期过后,权力重新上收,灌区龙河口水库工程被强制下马。地方政府手里有无必须的投资物品分配权,与灌区规划和推进过程紧密相关。在治淮方略上出现"排大国"(水利部主张)和"蓄小群"(河南、安徽主张)之争,大小工程原本是互补关系,因为涉及稀缺投资物品分配权,就有了互斥性,这体现了计划经济时期中央与地方的内在矛盾。在集体农业时代,以"农业八字宪法"所概括的各项农业投入要素的增长,均与集体组织的中介作用紧密相关。观察此一过程中间影响农业投入要素变化的各种因素,可以较为具体地校验人们熟知的一些关于农业增长的假设。

Pishihang Irrigation District is the largest irrigation region in New China,and its beneficiary areas are concentrated in the middle reaches of the Huai River which have suffered the severest flood and drought disasters. After the founding of New China,the central government has pursued the goal of harnessing the Huai River by investing in large reservoirs in the mountain areas. During the process of agricultural collectivization,the local government strengthened the ability to organize and mobilize surplus labor. After adopting the policy of"walking on both legs"in 1958,the local government obtained the right of distribution of some investment items in a short period of time and was able to apply the immense surplus labor force to the construction of irrigation channels and anti-regulation reservoir system. After the three-year period of great famine,power was retrieved and the Longhekou reservoir project in the irrigation region was forced to a halt. Whether the local government had the right to distribute investment items has a lot to do with the planning and advancement of the irrigation region. In the Huai River regulation strategy,local benefit was upheld at the expense of the state policy.Due to the distribution right of the scarce investment items,the previously inter-complementary relationship between state strategy and local agenda fell off with each other,embodying the internal tension between the central and the local governments in a planned economy. In the period of collective agriculture,increased agricultural factor inputs as summarized in the Eight-character Policy of Agriculture were closely related to the intermediary role of the collective organizations. An observation of the various factors that affect the change in agricultural factor inputs in this process can go a long way towards verifying the well-known assumptions about agricultural growth.