核损害民事责任制度研究

A Study on the Civil Liability System of Nuclear Damage

近几十年,核能在全球范围内迅速发展,核事故造成的损害屡有发生,核安全问题及由此引发的核损害民事责任问题成为各国关注的焦点。鉴于核损害的破坏力巨大,出于最大限度维护受害人及公共利益的目的,笔者认为对核事故的归责应遵循唯一责任原则及无过错责任原则,由民用核设施营运人作为唯一责任人承担核损害的全部赔偿责任,无论其主观上对损害的发生是否具有故意或过失。但这种责任的承担不是绝对的,在战争、冲突、暴乱、受害人故意或重大过失这些情形下,营运者可以全部或部分免责。对于事故发生后的赔偿问题,应设置两个层次的赔偿制度:第一层次由营运者进行不具有额度上限的赔偿;第二层次在营运人无力赔偿时由国家进行补偿。

In recent decades, nuclear energy has developed rapidly in the world, and nucle- ar damages occur frequently. Nuclear safety and the civil liability of nuclear damage have draw more and more attention in the world. Considering the destructiveness of nuclear damage, and in order to protect the interests of victims and the public, the author regards the principle of sole re- sponsibility and no -fault liability as the doctrine of liability fixation, which means the operator of civil nuclear system is the sole legal position of person to take the responsibility of nuclear dam- age, regardless of its subjective thought. However, this responsibility is not absolute, operator has an exemption under the circumstance of war, conflict, violence and victims＇ fault. As for the compensation, the author proposes a two - level compensation system： first of all, the operator should compensate without limitation, and then, the country should bear the responsibility when the operator has no capacity to compensate.