法国教育的困境：在等级分化的结构上建立平等

The Dilemma of the French Education Reform: to Realize Social Equality by a Structure of Order

法国教育体系具有三大特色:大学与大学校的双轨制、理论教学至上和免费教育。与这些特色对应的教育理念根植于法国社会较为"特殊"的文化价值观,即法国教育体系同时脱胎于旧制度等级社会的"贵族情结"和继承于大革命共和体制的平等原则。近现代法国教育体系的形成和发展就是在两种对立的文化价值观此消彼长的动态平衡中实现的。在这一进程中,法国社会赋予了其教育难以完成的使命——通过一个等级分化的结构去实现社会平等。这决定了法国教育很难为了满足相对多变的社会需求而做出背离其传统文化的根本性改革。

The French education system is marked by its three major traits： a double structure of Grande Ecole and University, an absolute priority given to theoretical teaching and the gratuitousness of public education. The educational thoughts leading to these traits find their roots in the French society＇ s cultural values. In fact, the French education system is guided by two visions in deep opposition： the attachment to social nobility inherited from a society of odder under Ancient Regime and the principle of equality formed through Grand Revolution. The construction of the French education system has been achieved in the conflictual movements between these two incompatible ideas. They make an impossible mission for the French education system： to realize social equality by a structure of order. Stuck in a permanent tension between the above two opposing visions, the French education system has little capacity to adapt itself to social developments at the price of breaking with the traditional cultural values.