清末新军的身体塑造及其社会影响——以小站练兵中的身体规训为中心

The Moulding of New Armymen's Bodies in the Late Qing Dynasty and Its Social Influence: Discussion Centering on Xiaozhan Troop Training

在甲午惨败后愿意"低心学西法"的社会心态与舆论之下,军队改革得以走向深入。尤其是袁世凯所主持的小站练兵,便全盘仿效西方军队的训练模式,遂令一种前所未有的身体管控、模塑方法实施于小站众多官兵身上,清末新军身体形象的改变由此肇端。纪律意识、效率意识、现代时间观念、集体荣誉感等全新价值观念及相应的行为习惯亦随之逐渐生成。小站便因此成为近代中国转型过程中的一个"再社会化"媒介。另外,在当时强身尚武以救国的思潮影响下,这个身体构建历程不仅使军人角色的社会印象得以改观,更令其一跃而成为国民身体改造的先导。此亦为清末新军能够由边缘走向中心的一个原因。

The military reform got deepened when Chinese people are willing to study Western advanced knowledge after the de- feat of the Sino - Japanese War of 1894 - 1895. The Xiaozhan troop training managed by Yuan shi - kai totally used the mode of Western army so that an unprecedented body moulding method was put into practice on many soldiers. It became the start of the change of soldiers＇ images. New concepts such as the awareness of discipline, effectiveness, modem concept of time, and sense of collective honor grew up inwardly. Therefore, the Xiaozhan troop training could be seen as the media of resoeialization in mod- em China. Besides, this moulding of the New Armymen＇s bodies had made them example of national body reshaping. That is the reason why the New Army had become the central character in modem China.