权威主义化的民主主义:城乡居民政治文化的一个比较性解释框架

Authoritarianism-Democratism:A Frame for Urban and Rural Residents' Political Culture

对五省份2505名成年居民的调查结果显示,城乡居民在政治文化上存在明显的差异:在政治价值观上,城市居民的权威主义价值观倾向要明显低于农村居民,而其民主主义政治价值观倾向则要显著高于农村居民;在政治信任上,城市居民的高层政治信任要明显低于农村居民,但基层政治信任则要明显高于农村居民;在政治效能感上,城市居民的内在效能感要高于农村居民,外在效能感则与农村居民没有显著差异;在政治绩效评价上,城市居民对政治绩效的评价要显著低于农村居民。在实证调查的基础上,本研究进一步指出,城乡居民共享一种"权威主义化的民主主义"政治文化,此乃当前中国社会的基本政治文化现实。城乡居民在政治文化上所体现出来的差异,只不过是此种政治文化中"权威主义"成分或"民主主义"成分的相对差异。此种政治文化表现出"高政府权威"、"被动的公民权"与"现代的民本主义"等特征,乃是一种不同于西方程序民主政治文化的实质民主政治文化。

On the basis of the investigation of 2,505 adult residents in Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei, Guizhou, and Yunnan provinces through sampling survey and statistical analysis, this study draws following conclusions： in political culture be- tween urban residents and rural residents, there are overall differences as following： on the political values, urban resi- dents ＇ democratic orientation tends to be significantly higher than that of rural residents, and their authoritarian orientation is significantly lower than that of rural residents ; on the political trust, urban residents＇ high - level political trust is signifi- cantly lower than that of rural residents, but their grassroots political trust is significantly higher than that of rural residents ; on the political performance evaluation, urban residents＇ political performance evaluation is significantly lower than that of rural residents ; on the political efficacy, urban residents＇ intrinsic efficacy is stronger than that of rural residents, there are no significant differences between urban and rural residents in external efficacy. The research indicates that both urban and rural residents share a kind of political culture of ＂authoritarianism - democratism＂, which is the basic reality of current Chinese society. The differences between urban and rural residents in the political culture are only as relative differences in the components of ＂authoritarianism＂ or ＂democratism＂. Such political culture shows overt features such as ＂high govern- ment authority＂, ＂passive civil rights＂ and ＂moderu populism＂. As political culture of essence - democracy, it differs from the Western political culture of program - democracy.