民国时期农民负担的两种计量方法及理论分歧

Two Kinds of Measurement of the Farmers' Burden and Theoretical Differences during the Period of the Republic of China

学界对民国时期农民负担问题的研究形成两派:农民负担重,表明国家对农民的压榨日益严重;农民负担轻,表明国家无法动员社会资源进行现代化建设。可见,农民负担重轻背后是不同的学术话语体系。两种学派各自立足于不同的计量分析,可概括为模拟计算和经验统计。模拟计算采用一些官方数据和学者的实地调查,考虑到了市场物价因素,得出的数值显示农民负担并不过于沉重。经验统计的结果则认为农民负担沉重,激化社会矛盾。两种计量方法与参数瑕瑜互现。考虑到各级政府不断增加的农村税负和市场因素并不利于小农,民国时期农民负担沉重更适合中国农村实情。

Academic research on the issue of farmers？ burden of the Republic of China has two groups： one is the heavy burden on farmers, indicating the national press to farmers; the other is the burden light on farmers, indicating that the country could not mobilize social resources for modernization. Behind the peasant burden there was different academic dis- course system. Based on their different measurement analysis, the two schools can be summarized as statistical simulation and experience. Simulation calculation resulted from the official data and the field survey by some scholars, considered the market price factors, it was concluded that the numerical display was not too heavy burden on farmers. Experience statistics was considered the result of the heavy burden on farmers, intensified social contradictions. Each of the two schools has its own strengths and weakness. Considering the rural governments at all levels increased taxes, market factors also wad not conducive to small farmers, farmers？ burden in rural China was the truth.