蒙古族长调演唱技法及术语表述体系研究

Study on the Singing Skills and Terminological Expression System of Mongolian Folk Long Song

作为东方拖腔体音乐形式典型代表的蒙古族长调,具有科学的演唱技巧和自成体系的术语表述系统。蒙古族长调音乐的术语表述,是文化持有者对其音乐认知和实践经验的升华。长调演唱中分为"气""声""腔"三个技法范畴。长调气息技法的民间表述保有着其民族文化的自在价值,而其学界表述则具有一定程度的普适性,比较有利于现代学院式教学实践的推展和学术界相关理论的研究与交流;长调音质技法及其术语表述,反映了文化持有者对不同音质声音美的选择、构思和审美追求,并最终形成了其民族关于长调音乐形式美的程式化表现;长调润腔技法及其术语表述所发挥的作用,并非是对"曲调框架"的描述和指示,而是对具体歌唱时,塑造真实音响风格、韵味等审美特征的技术性细节的描述和指示,是实现"死曲活唱"的关键。最终,通过整个民族的口口相传,这些审美经验与音乐认知汇集凝练为长调的演唱技法及术语表述,构成了其民族文化遗产的精华。

As a representative of the oriental prolongation of tune music,Mongolian folk long song has scientific singing skills and its own system of terminological expression. The terminological expression of Mongolian folk long song is an abstract of the cultural custodians' understanding of music and their practical experiences. There are three technical fields in the singing of the long song: breathing,voicing and tuning. The folk expression of breathing skills has an intrinsic value of the ethnic culture; whereas the academic expression has a sort of universality,which is beneficial to the popularization of the academic teaching and learning in modern colleges as well as in the study and communication of relevant theories in academia. The tone quality and its terminological expression of the folk long song reflect the choice,contemplation and aesthetic pursuit of the cultural custodians of different aesthetics of the sound,which finally form Mongolian's stylized expression of the musical formal beauty of the folk long song. The moistened tune skills and its terminological expression act not to describe or direct the "frame of melody",rather to describe or direct the technical details of the aesthetic characteristics such as authentic sound style and charm. Furthermore,it is the key to the realization of "singing the dead songs alive". At last,through transmission from mouth to mouth across the whole nationality,these aesthetic experiences and musical understandings converge into the singing skills and terminological expression of the folk long song,constituting the essence of its ethnic cultural heritage.