轻型纯电动汽车生产和运行能耗及温室气体排放研究

Energy consumption and greenhouse gases related to production and operation of battery electric vehicles

基于中国本地化的环境负荷数据,建立了电动汽车全生命周期模型,深入分析和评估了电动汽车生产和运行两个阶段的能耗及温室气体排放(Greenhouse gases,GHGs).结果表明:电动汽车生产和运行过程的总能耗为474 GJ;GHGs为40500 kg(以CO2当量计),电动汽车生产和运行过程的GHGs分别占总排放量的23.5%和76.5%.对于电动汽车生产过程能耗和GHGs而言,原材料生产均为主要贡献者,GHGs占到车辆生产过程的74.6%,占生命周期的17.5%.另外,情景分析表明,再生材料应用、单位电力GHGs和百公里电耗能够在很大程度上影响电动汽车的碳排放.再生金属替代原生金属后,从情景1到情景5,车辆生产的GHGs下降了约22.2%,车辆生产和运行过程的总GHGs下降了约4.7%;单位电力GHGs每下降1%,电动汽车运行GHGs下降0.9%;电动汽车百公里电耗每下降1.0%,车辆生产和运行过程总GHGs下降约1.0%.因此,发展清洁能源、降低火力发电比例、优化原材料生产工艺、提高再生原材料用量等,是有效降低电动汽车全生命周期过程总能耗和GHGs的重要途径.

Based on the domestic environmental load data in China,this study developed a life cycle model of battery powered electric vehicle,and analyzed and evaluated energy consumption and greenhouse gases（ GHGs） related to production and operation of battery powered electric vehicles. LCA results indicated that the energy consumption observed with overall life cycle was 474 GJ,the life cycle GHGs was 40500 kg CO2-eq.,the GHGs related to production and operation was 23.5% and 76.5% compared to the life cycle GHGs,respectively. Raw material for production was the main source of GHGs related to production,accounting for 74.6% of GHGs related to production and 17.5% of the life cycle GHGs. The scenarios analysis indicated that the application of recycled materials,GHGs of electricity and fuel economy were the main factors affecting the GHGs of electricity vehicle. The GHGs related to production and life cycle GHGs decreased by 22.2% and 4.7%,respectively,when the primary metals were replaced with the recycled ones. When the GHGs of electricity decreased by 1.0%,the GHGs of electric vehicle decreased by 0.9%,the fuel economy decreased by 1.0% and the total GHGs in the vehicle production and operation decreased by 1. 0%. This study demonstrated that energy consumption and GHGs emissions of battery electric vehicles were significantly improved by developing clean energy,reducing the proportion of thermal power regarding electricity infrastructure,optimizing production process and increasing the amount of recycled raw materials.