略论戴震方志“地理专门”说的学术渊源及历史成因

Brief Analysis of the Academic Origins and Historical Causes of Formation of Dai Zhen's Theory on Local Records as the “Special Category of Geography”

戴震与章学诚争论方志属性,提出方志"悉心于地理沿革"的"地理专门"说。戴震的说法,并非故为新论,自隋唐以来这种持论就代不乏人。从隋、唐、宋、明、清正史经籍(艺文志)到郑樵、马端临、万斯同、阎若璩、顾祖禹、郑振铎等历代学人,都与戴震异时同声。这种把方志视为地理书的学术观念,往往发生于时代鼎革之际,为振世救急、讲求实务的时代潮流所激发,同时也是中国传统学术工具理性特质的具体表现。

Dai Zhen debated with Zhang Xuecheng on the nature of local records,and raised the theory on local records as 'special category of geography'that'focuses on geographical transformation '. Dai Zhen's theory was not a new invention,because there had been many scholars in each generation who held this view since the Sui and Tang Dynasty. From biographical histories and works on Confucian classics( yiwenzhi,or bibliographical and literature records) of Sui,Tang,Song,Ming,and Qing Dynasty to generations of scholars such as Zheng Qiao,Ma Duanlin,Wan Sitong,Yan Ruoqu,Gu Zuyu,and Zheng Zhenduo,Dai Zhen's view was echoed by all these works and scholars of different times. This variant of academic perspective that considered local records as geographical work was usually conceived during transitional periods of history. Stimulated by the tides and trends of time that emphasized practical solutions during emergencies and crisis,this academic perspective was also the embodiment of the nature of traditional Chinese academic instrumental rationality.