社会工作如何践行需求为本?——以农村留守者为例

How Social Work Practices Need-oriented Service:in the Case of Rural Left-behind People

需求为本虽是社会工作者必须遵循的最基本的伦理守则,但在实践中却常常遭遇挑战:服务对象的需求可能与其他主体的期待相左而被替代决策;以自由为基础的"需求为本"和"社会正义"的专业价值存在可能的冲突。文章以农村留守者为例,分析服务方案由谁决定、服务对象不能决策的原因以及社会工作如何践行需求为本的服务。发现:服务对象、社会工作者、监护人、照顾者、家庭成员、学校、机构和项目资助方等均可能是服务方案的裁决者;服务不能需求为本的原因在于:服务对象的"弱者"标签化,相关服务制度构建的不对等的权力结构,不完全的社会服务体系,社会工作者的价值选择。建议:社会工作践行需求为本应以最小分配正义为原则,策略地确定服务方案,建构服务对象的主体性,重视服务对象环境系统中的资源整合,并将反思性贯穿服务始终。

Though a basic code of ethics that social workers must obey, need-oriented service often faces challenges in reality： the needs of service objects may run against the anticipation of other subjects and therefore are decided alternatively; the need-oriented service based on freedom may conflict with the professional value of the ＂social justice＂. Taking the rural left-behind people as an example, this paper analyzes who make decisions for service plan, why service objects can not make decision and how social work practices a need-oriented service. The research finds that service objects, social workers, monitors, care-takers, family members, schools, institutions and project sponsors may be the judges of service plans. The reasons why service can not be need-oriented are attributed to the service objects＇ being labeled as ＂the weak＂, unbalanced power structure constructed by relevant service system, incomplete social service system and value choice of social workers, etc. It suggests the need-oriented service should be based on the minimum distributive justice principle, make service plans strategically,construct subjectivity of service objects and stress environmental system resource integration of service objects. In addition, reflections should be made throughout service process.