19世纪英属印度对喀喇昆仑通道探查测绘考述

A Study on the British Investigations of the Trans-Karakorum Passages in the 19^(th) Century

本论文利用英国《皇家地理学会会刊和论文集》等资料对与近代中国和南亚关系史密切相关的喀喇昆仑通道的探查测绘进行研究,讨论19世纪英人探索该通道的动机、方法及其有关新疆南部和中亚的知识演进过程,尤其是以摩尔克罗夫特、海沃德、罗伯特·肖、"印度测绘项目"和福赛斯使团成员为代表的英属印度军、政、商、学界人士以现代方法探查测绘该通道及其北部地区的过程,以及探查测绘对英俄两国地理学家建立中亚地缘政治理论的重要意义。文章认为,英属印度政府和个人在获取地缘政治利益、开辟贸易和完善中亚知识体系三大动机的驱使下,于19世纪运用现代技术对喀喇昆仑通道进行了持续和系统的探查测绘,不但使该地区的地文和人文状况公之于世,更把中亚和新疆深度纳入英俄霸权争夺和亚欧大陆地缘政治竞争的理论构建之中。

The article studies the motivation,methods,process and significance of the British investigations on the Karakorum routes and the Southern Xinjiang in the 19 th Century.The Central Asian knowledge development and the cartographical progress closely relating to the investigations are also the subjects and topics of this paper.Through the case studies of the Moorcroft,Hayward,Shaw and Forsyth missions＇survey work towards the passages,the paper argues that the investigations had their historical significance to the formation of the European geopolitical theory on Central Asian power politics during Russia and England＇s Great Game.It also provides references for the Chinese specialists of the historical geography about the background story of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Kashmir Question.