易地移民搬迁对农户生态系统服务依赖度的影响——来自陕南的证据

Impacts of relocation and settlement program on rural households' dependence on ecosystem: evidence from South Shaanxi Province

为从微观农户视角分析易地移民搬迁对生态系统服务依赖度的影响,本文构建了农户生态系统服务依赖度指数,将农户从生态系统服务中获取的各种收益进行整合和量化,利用在陕南安康地区的入户调研数据,对比分析不同搬迁类型和特征家庭的生态系统服务收益和依赖度差异,并进一步检验易地移民搬迁对农户生态系统服务依赖度的影响。结果发现:搬迁户获得的生态系统总净收益、供给、调节、文化等服务净收益以及社会经济净收益均高于非搬迁户;不同搬迁特征的农户之间的生态系统服务依赖度差异显著;易地移民搬迁工程的实施能有效的降低农户对生态系统服务的依赖程度,参与易地移民搬迁有利于农户收入结构的优化,在降低从生态系统获取供给服务的同时,也提高了社会经济收入所占比重;自愿搬迁、集中安置和新阶段的移民等特征也在降低农户对生态系统服务的依赖上起到了积极作用,自愿搬迁的农户比非自愿搬迁农户能更好的应对和适应向非资源依赖型生计模式的转变。集中安置的方式能够产生一定的规模效应和政策溢出,使农户有机会获得更多配套和后续支持,从而提高对外部机会和资源的占有能力,拓宽非资源型收入的途径,此外,新阶段易地移民搬迁工程所提供的惠民措施和补贴力度都较以往零星的自主搬迁有较大提高,同时也强调搬迁农户在非农转变过程中的自我发展能力的建设和引导。本研究为实现生态系统服务与家庭福祉在微观尺度的结合提供路径支持和方法借鉴,也为新时期易地扶贫搬迁政策的持续推进提供启示。

This study mainly analyzes the impact of relocation and settlement program（ RSP） on the dependence of ecosystem services from the perspective of micro rural households.Based on the construction of index of dependence on ecosystem services（ IDES）,this study integrated and quantified the net incomes of households from ecosystem services.It comparatively analyzes differences of income from ecosystem services and dependence on ecosystem services among households with different relocation types and characteristics,and further tests the effects of relocation on rural households＇ IDES by using the data collected from South Shaanxi Province.It is found that the relocation households are significantly higher than non-relocation households in terms of the total net income from ecosystem services,provisioning services,regulating services,cultural services as well as socio-economy.There are significant differences of IDES between the groups in terms of relocation,relocation type,resettlement mode and resettling time.RSP not only significantly decreases the IDES,but also optimizes the income structure,which increases the share of socio-economic income as well as reduces the income from ecosystems.Meanwhile,voluntary relocation,centralized resettlement,and new stage relocation also have significant effects on decreasing households＇ IDES.Compared to non-voluntary relocation,voluntary relocation households are more positive to respond to and adapt to the changes of non-resource-dependent livelihood.Centralized resettlement can produce a certain scale effect and policy spillover,so that rural households have the opportunity to get more follow-up support,thereby enhancing the ability to occupy the external opportunities and resources and broadening the ways to get non-resource-based income.In addition,these benefit measures and subsidies provided by the RSP are greatly improved compared with those of the past,and the construction and guidance of self-development ability in the process of non-agricultural transformation of farmers are also emphasized.This study provides approach and method for linking ecosystem services and human well-being at micro scale,as well as policy implication to the RSP in the future.