不同氮肥运筹对晚播小麦产量和农艺性状的影响

Effects of Different Nitrogen Application on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Late-sown Wheat

[目的]确定不同氮肥运筹比例对晚播小麦产量结构及部分农艺性状的影响,为该地区晚播小麦高产稳产栽培提供合理的氮肥运筹方案。[方法]以目前淮北地区种植面积较大的小麦品种宁麦13号为材料,在小麦各生育期采用不同氮肥施用比例处理,研究各处理施肥比例对供试小麦产量结构、籽粒综合品质、试验区土壤理化性质的影响。[结果]基肥施用比例50%的处理(T_3)有效穗、产量均最高,即氮肥运筹主要是通过增加有效穗来提高晚播小麦产量水平,对产量构成因素中穗粒数、千粒重影响不大,总氮量不变的情况下,基肥施用量的增加会降低小麦整体籽粒品质,但可以提高试验区土壤有机质含量。[结论]合理的氮肥运筹是实现晚播小麦优质高产的重要措施,总氮保持一定的基础上,基肥施用比例增加,促进分蘖增加有效穗,但超过一定的施用量,有效穗开始下降。后期施肥用量对小麦千粒重、穗粒数及品质性状影响较大,即合理的基肥施用量及完善的后期追肥比例是实现晚播小麦优质高产的有效途径。

[ Objective] The aim was to determine the effect of different ratios of nitrogen fertilizer on the yield and agronomic traits of late-so-wing wheat, and to provide a reasonable nitrogen fertilizer for the high yield of late wheat in the region. [ Method] Wheat cultivar Ningmai 13 was taken as the research material, which was widely planted in Huaibei area. The treatments with different nitrogen application ratios were used to study the yield structure, grain comprehensive quality, soil physical and chemical properties. [ Result] Treatment with 50% basal fer-tilizer （T3） had the highest effective ear and yield. Nitrogen fertilizer improved the yield level of wheat mainly by increasing the effective ear. It had little impacts on grain per ear and 1 000-grain weight. When the total nitrogen content remained unchanged, the increase of the dosage of basal fertilizer would decrease the whole grain quality of wheat, but could increase the soil organic matter content in the experimental area.[Conclusion] Reasonable nitrogen fertilizer operation was an important measure to realize high quality and high yield of late-sowing wheat. The total nitrogen content was increased. The ratio of basal fertilizer was increased and the tiller was increased, but the effective panicle began to decrease. The effect of late fertilization on the 1 000-grain weight, grain number per ear and grain quality of wheat was significant. In other words, the reasonable dosage of basal fertilizer and the ratio of late dressing were the effective way to realize high quality and high yield of late- sowing wheat.