唐代茶道美学

The Aesthetics of Tea Tao in the Tang Dynasty

唐代诞生了中国乃至世界第一部茶文化专著——陆羽的《茶经》。它兼具道与器、形上与形下、实用与文化、工具与理性等认知功能,涉及地理学、气象学、栽培学、土壤学、营养学甚至文学、美学等多种领域。唐代茶界还第一次提出了"茶道"的文化、美学范畴,它所体现的文化、美学内涵十分丰富,标识了中唐人对茶的体认的飞跃和提升,超越实存,进入精神层面。唐代茶文化、茶美学及其文字承载,生动地体现了生理快感和心理快感及其转化的经验现象,为现代审美学提供了历史的实证依据。茶文化群体由三部分人所构成:上层统治集团、士大夫文人、宗教徒,其中宗教徒所起作用和所作贡献应当充分肯定。中唐选择茶作为文化标志物,绝非偶然。从个人与时代的关系上,从士大夫文人和宗教徒围绕茶的交游及其文学承载上,从茶的系列性采制、煎饮等操作性方式上,其所透溢出的审美情调,表征了典型的中唐风味,跟盛唐气象判然有别。清雅、悠然、精致、精细,浅斟低品,遂成为中唐以降的生活行为方式、审美主旋律和总格调,从观念和形态上对后期的中国美学史产生了深远的影响。

The Classic of Tea by Lu Yu in Tang dynasty is the first book about the tea culture in China and even in the world. This book,which has multiple cognitive functions,such as TAO and QI,metaphysic and undermetaphysic,practice and culture, instrument and rational, covers many fields： geography, meteorology,cultivation,pedology,nutriology,even literature and aesthetics. The culture and aesthetic category of Tea Tao,which were the first given in the tea communities in the Tang Dynasty, have the rich and great cultural and aesthetic contents. Tea Tao indicates that the knowledge of tea transcended the reality to the spirituality in the MidTang Dynasty. The culture and aesthetics of tea in the Tang Dynasty embodied physiological pleasure,psychological pleasure,and their transformations. It also provided the historical basis for modern psychological aesthetics. The tea communities included ruling group, scholar-officials, and religion followers. The religion followers played an important role and devoted great contribution to it. The aesthetical sentiment of tea was completely different from tea in the Glorious age of Tang Dynasty from which the interaction between individuals and their time background, the thematic literature works of tea, and a series of steps of tea making. Elegance,refinement,and leisureliness had become the life style and aesthetic theme from the Mid-Tang,and had the farreaching influence on the idea and formation of Chinese aesthetic history.