美国公立学校停学处分中的正当程序——以Goss案为中心的分析

The Due Process for Public School in America to Exclude Students——An Analysis Based on Goss Case

正当程序原则是美国宪法确定的一项政府行为原则与司法审查原则,其涵义在法律发展过程中经历了很大的变化。正当程序原初仅有程序性涵义,后来经过司法判例中法官的解读,又具有了实体性涵义。20世纪70年代以来,由于学生在公立学校接受教育逐渐被视为了一项受宪法保护的财产权利,因此,公立学校对学生的停学处分开始适用宪法上的正当程序原则。Goss案及其所确立的学生短期停学及开除处分的程序性标准与实体性标准,有效地平衡了公立学校管理学生的权力与学生的受教育权利,可以为公立学校正确行使停学处分提供参照。

Due process is a principle of government business and judicial review determined by the constitutions of the U. S. A.,which connotation has been changed largely. At first,it only means procedure,and then it has another substantive meaning through the judicial precedent by the interpretation of the justice. Since the1970 s,the right to be educated in public schools has been considered to be a constitutionally protected property,therefore,no student can be excluded by public school without due process. The standards of procedure and substance which effectively balance the power of public school to manage students and the right of students to be educated that established by the GOSS case should be followed by public school to exclude students.