非物质文化遗产社区的能动性与非均质性——以街亭村民间信仰重建过程中村民互动为例

The agency and heterogeneity of the ICT community:A study of the interaction among villagers in the process of reconstructing popular religions in Jieting Village

本文拟通过对20世纪70年代末以来作者家乡街亭村民间神灵信仰复兴与重建过程的民族志考察,展示和分析信仰重建过程中村民之间的协商与互动,并以此为基础,进一步讨论非物质文化遗产社区为保证相关非遗项目的传承和延续而表现出的能动性,以及社区内部的非均质性等问题。本文认为,任何社会中都不会有一个现成的本真传统,供人们随时启用或传承,从历史上看,那些今天被我们以"非物质文化遗产"相称的各种文化现象,在保持相对稳定的因素持续传承的同时,总是处在不断调整、变化或重建的状态,充满了动态性和创新性。在非遗传统动态传承的过程中,既存在官方与民间之间的冲突与协商,积极主动维护相关非遗项目的社区内部也并非均质同一,而是充满了多种立场、动机和诉求等之间的碰撞、交流与互动。经过互有进退的协商与妥协,人们才能最终达成一个适应新的时代背景并为整个非遗项目内部成员共同接受的折中的新传统,从而保证相关非遗项目的持续存在和有效传承。

Centered upon the revival and reconstruction of the deity-worship since the end of the1970 sin the author＇s hometown,Jieting Village in Gansu province of China,this paper probes into the dynamic interaction among the villagers in the process of reviving and reconstructing religious beliefs and ritual practice,and further investigates the agency and heterogeneity of the community concerned to ensure the transmission and continuity of related intangible cultural heritage items.The main arguments go as follows：There has never been an authentic tradition ready for people to resume or transmit in any community.Those cultural phenomena identified as＂ICH＂by us today were historically always in a state of adjustment,transformation or reconstruction,while some of their core elements got maintained and continued.The transmission process of ICH elements is always dynamic.Besides,the dynamic inheritance of the intangible cultural heritages sees conflicts as well as negotiation between the government and the people,while the community that actively maintains the viability of ICH concerned also appears heterogeneous rather than homogeneous.Various orientations,motivations and appeals from different members inside the community usually interplay and conflict throughout the whole process.The process per se is thus a course in which the community leaders,ordinary people,and religious specialists who retain various religious beliefs have taken the opportunity to promote their ideas,expand their influence and enhance their positions in the local religious system while trying to attain more power and resources in the community,and finally to negotiate a commonly accepted new tradition,a compromise that ensures the continuity of the ICH elements.