多元文化与犍陀罗艺术:再论贵霜时代佛教和佛教艺术的发展

Multi-cultures and the Gandhāra Art: a Further Discussion on the Development of the Buddhism and Buddhist art in the Kushan Empire

长期以来,关于犍陀罗艺术的起源问题,学者们围绕"希腊起源说""罗马起源说""本土起源说""伊朗起源说"和"塞人起源说"等观点争执不下。因此,有必要提出一种新的研究视角,即贵霜帝国时期的多元文化并存与融合才是犍陀罗艺术起源与发展的关键因素之一。作为文化相对落后的游牧民族,贵霜人善于吸收其他文化的成果并加以融合,虽然其目的是为了巩固自身统治,但客观上却为佛教艺术吸收希腊化文化以及琐罗亚斯德教和贵霜本族传统等因素提供了便利的条件。这也是上述各种关于犍陀罗艺术起源的观点得以存在的基础。

On the question whether the Gandhāraart originated from Greece, Rome, India, Iran or Sakas, Scholars have argued for a long time. It is necessary to look at it from a new research perspective. The author proposes that the coexistence and integration of different cultures in Kushan Empire played an important role in the evolution of the Gandhāra art. As nomads, Kushanas were always absorbing and integrating the achievements of other cultures. Although the purpose of them was to consolidate their rule, they also created the conditions for the Buddhist art to absorb the Hellenistic culture, Zoroastrianism and the tradition of Kushanas. All these provide the basis of different views about the origin of Gandhāra art.