多元社会的政治对话与权力合法性

Political Dialogue and Legitimacy of Power in a Plural Society

在现代多元社会,不同政治派别、群体持有不同的广包学说,共存于一个社会,其稳定性的基础是建立在公共理性上的超越具体善观念的重叠共识。阿克曼认为,达成共识的必要方式是政治对话,通过对话求同存异,以证成权力的合法性,解决共同生存的问题。对话的根本要求是超越各方所信奉的道德真理和价值的中立性,因而需要避免直觉主义和内心独白式的思维方式,还要防止预设一种所有人都认为是最重要的价值来压倒对手的"优胜策略",和要求把不同观点转换成一个经过特别处理的评估框架的"转换策略"。约束对话的原则是合理性、一致性和中立性,通过以理服人和逻辑自洽来说明自己在分配资源上的正当性。对话的中立性并不意味着无是非观的道德相对主义,而是体现了正当对善的优先性,而各方共同持有的正当性观念才是对话得以开展的根本保障。中立的政治对话的原则不仅适用于国家和社群内部,也适用于国际社会。

In a modern plural society, with various political factions and groups co-existing in a community, its basis of stability is overlapping consensus that transcends concrete conceptions of the good.Bruce Ackerman holds that a necessary way of reaching consensus is political dialogue through which we seek common grounds while reserving differences, justify legitimacy of power and facilitate co-existence. Basic requirements for dialogue include going beyond moral truths held by different parties and insisting in neutrality of values; therefore, we need to avoid thinking in an intuitionist and monologue way, presupposing any＂ superior strategy＂ to overwhelm opponents with the most important values held by all, and using ＂conversion strategy＂ to convert different viewpoints into a specifically dealt framework of valuation. The principles to govern dialogue are rationality, consistency and neutrality, accounting for justice in distributing resources by convincing people with reasoning and logical consistency. Neutrality of dialogue does not mean moral relativism without a view on right or wrong; it embodies the priority of right over good, and the justice conception held by all parties is a guarantee for a dialogue to carry on. The principle of neutral political dialogue applies not only to a national society but also to the international community.