笺文文体属性辨析

The Property Discrimination of Jian

历代文学总集中笺文的分类与编排极为混乱,或与表奏公文同列一类,或与私人书牍同列一类,甚至两者同时并存。这一分类方法上的分歧,来源于各总集编选者对笺文文体公私属性的不同认识。如果从作者与文本接收者的政治身份与等级差别着眼,笺文应当与表奏同属于公文,与书牍文有着本质的区别,这也是两汉时期笺文的本来面貌。但又因为笺文所具有的"上窥乎表,下睨乎书"的特性,在建安文学时期特殊的君臣关系的作用下,出现了与私人书牍文在内容、风格上极为相似的笺作。正是这些作品影响到了后世部分总集编选者对笺文属性的认识,进而导致了笺文分类的混乱。

The classification and arrangement of Jian are very confusing in ancient corpuses among dynasties. It may be classified into some kinds of official documents such as Biao and Zou. But in other cases,it belongs to a class of private letters. This divergence comes from the compilers＇ different opinions of the property of Jian. If judged from the political identity and hierarchy of the author and readers,Jian is the same as official documents but different from private letters,which is the original condition of Jian during the period of two Han Dynasties. But under the influence of its characteristic of＂locating between Biao and Shu＂,Jian is very similar to the private letters in Jian＇an Period in accordance with the special relationship between monarch and officials. It is part of the work that affects the compilers＇ understandings of its property,which led to the confusion of classification.