中国农户借贷的历史回顾、评价与启示

Historical Review,Assessment,and Enlightenment on Rural Household's Loan in China

中国农户借贷历史悠久,按照性质不同分为政府借贷、商业借贷和合作借贷三种。政府借贷又分为赈贷和生产放贷,但总体规模较小。商业借贷属于高利贷性质,历朝历代统治者均对利率及偿付方式有所限制。以合会和信用合作社为两种主要形式的合作借贷不仅有利于解决农户资金困难,还在活跃农村经济、改造农村社会方面发挥积极作用。通过对农户借贷性质的历史回顾和评价,得出对当前农村金融改革优化的四点启示:充分发展农村政策性金融,重点培植合作借贷形式,严控农地抵押贷款风险以及专门贫困设计贫困农户信贷制度。

China＇s rural households have a long history; the main loaned methods include three kinds： governmental loans,commercial loans and cooperative loans.Government loans are divided into rescue loan and productive lending,but the general scale is limited.Commercial loans belong to usury,so rulers of series of dynasties had restrictions on the interest rate and payment ways.Cooperative loans divided into two forms： Rotating Savings and Credit Associations and Rural Credit Cooperatives.They not only help to solve the difficulty on financing of rural households,but also have positive effects on activating rural economy and reforming rural society.Through the historical review and evaluation of rural household loans,four enlightenments could be seen for Current rural finance reform and optimization： adequately develop the rural policy finance,focus on cultivating the form of cooperative lending,strictly control the risks of rural land mortgage loans and specially designed the credit system for poor farmers.