论南极条约体系的法律实施与执行

IMPLEMENTATION AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE ANTARCTIC TREATY SYSTEM

以1959年《南极条约》为核心的南极条约体系为缔约国确立了非军事化、南极环境保护、南极海洋生物资源养护等宽泛的国际法义务。随着南极条约体系的不断发展,南极人类活动的形式也从早期单一的政府组织的科学考察活动,朝着南极旅游、南极渔业以及南极生物资源勘探等多元化的商业活动方向发展。南极条约体系主要通过国际法层面的视察机制,以及敦促缔约国采取必要的国内立法或其他适当措施的形式具体实施和执行其所确立的原则与规则。不过因视察机制缺乏必要的救济措施、属人管辖限制而造成的对非缔约国执法真空,以及因地理位置遥远、气候环境严酷而导致的法律执行不能等问题依然困扰整个南极机制。面对挑战,南极条约体系应通过强化国际执法合作、完善南极视察机制以及加强公民极地教育等综合执法手段加以积极应对。

The Antarctic Treaty System （ATS）, with the Antarctic Treaty as its core, has established extensive in-ternational obligations for all Contracting Members, such as Antarctic demilitarization, environment protec-tion, and the preservation of living marine resources. With unceasing development of the ATS, human ac-tivities in Antarctica have also undergone tremendous change, from governmental organized scientific expe-ditions to diverse human activities that include but are not limited to Antarctic tourism, fishing, and the ex-ploration of living resources. The main principles and rules established by the ATS have been implemented and executed mainly through an inspection mechanism at international level and by adopting the necessary laws and measures at national level. However, the legitimacy and effectiveness of the Antarctic regime continue to be plagued by deficiencies of necessary remedies for the inspection mechanism, an enforcement vacuum regarding non-contracting members arising from the dilemma of personal jurisdiction, and the in-capability of law enforcement due to the remote geographic location and hostile natural environment and climate. In facing these challenges, the Antarctic regime should react positively and adopt comprehensive measures such as reinforcing law-enforcement cooperation, improving the Antarctic inspection system, and intensifying the polar education of its citizens.