马克思对黑格尔政治哲学的批判和超越——基于“市民社会”与“政治国家”的分离

Marx's Criticism and Exceeding of Hegel's Political Philosophy Based on the Separation Between “Civil Society” and “Political Nation”

市民社会与政治国家的分离是黑格尔、马克思政治哲学的共同前提。黑格尔剖析两者分离的多种根源(特殊、一般精神的分离是最根本源头),披露现代社会中呈现的伦理危机,倡导政治国家(精神)决定市民社会,并建构"等级制"化解这些分离和危机。马克思主张特殊、普遍利益之间的矛盾是市民社会和政治国家分离的源头,因而他批判、颠倒了黑格尔的"政治国家决定市民社会"命题,而后揭露黑格尔"等级制"引发"虚幻共同体",阐明现代社会伦理危机背后的人的全面异化和物化,最后他构筑"自由人的联合体"根除市民社会和政治国家的分裂,同时达成对黑格尔政治哲学的超越。

The separation between civil society and political nation, which is the premise of Hegel＇s political philosophy as well as Marx＇s . Hegel analyzed the roots of the separation between the two （separation between special spirit and general spirit is the basic origin）, disclosed the ethic crisis in modern society, advocated that political nation （spirit） determines civil society, and constructed ＇ hierarchy＇ to solve the separation and crisis. However, Marx advocated the origin leading to the separation between civil society and political nation is the contradiction of special benefit and common benefit. So, Marx criticized and overturned Hegel＇s doctrinal proposition. Marx also disclosed that Hegel＇s ＇hierarchy＇ triggers ＇ visional community＇, illuminated people overall alienation and materialization behind the ethic crisis in modern society. Lastly, Marx came up with ＇liberal＇s combo＇ to uproot the separation of civil society and political nation. In a word, Marx＇s political philosophy surpassed Hegel＇ s.