食(药)用真菌矿质元素研究进展

Research Progress of Mineral Elements in Edible (or Medicinal) Fungi

食(药)用菌中含有丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物、不饱和脂肪酸以及多种人体必需矿质元素,备受消费者青睐。本研究对2011—2015年有关食用菌中必需元素铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和有毒元素砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)的研究进行总结和分析。结果表明:Fe元素含量最高为4 200mg/kg,最低为2 mg/kg,多数食用菌中Fe的含量范围在50~200 mg/kg之间;Mn元素含量可高达286 mg/kg,最低为0.09 mg/kg,大部分食用菌中Mn的含量范围为10~50 mg/kg;Cu元素最高含量为360 mg/kg,最低含量为0.34 mg/kg,多半食用菌中Cu元素含量小于50 mg/kg;Zn元素最高含量为420 mg/kg,最低含量为1.61mg/kg,Zn元素含量在20~100 mg/kg之间。红蜡蘑、酒色蜡蘑和紫蜡蘑中As元素含量严重超出食品安全国家标准(GB 2762—2012)和世界卫生组织的限量标准,食用过程适当注意;Cd元素均有不同程度的超标,食用时应加以选择;Pb和Hg含量也有超标。食用菌中必需元素与有毒元素的含量和产地显著相关;同一产区不同物种间元素含量差异较大。一些食用菌中有毒元素含量超出人体允许摄入的最大值,会给人体带来很大的健康风险,食用过程中应小心谨慎。

The rich amount of proteins,carbohydrate,polysaccharides,unsaturated fatty acids and essential minerals make many edible fungi a good food for the consumer. Many data about the concentration of essential elements Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn and toxic elements As,Cd,Pb,Hg are reviewed in this paper. The result show that the highest concentration of Fe is 4 200 mg/kg,and the lowest concentration is 2 mg/kg,but the range of Fe content in most edible fungi are between 50 and 200 mg/kg; The highest concentration of Mn is 286 mg/kg,and the lowest concentration is 0. 09 mg/kg with the range for most edible fungi are between 10 and 50 mg/kg; For Cu and Zn the highest content can be 360 mg/kg and 420 mg/kg,and the lowest concentration is 0. 34 mg/kg and 1. 61 mg/kg,while the range con-tent of Cu for most of the edible fungi are below 50 mg/kg and between 20-100 mg/kg,respectively.Obviously,the concentration of As in Laccaria laccata,Laccaria vinaceoavellanea,and Laccaria amethystine are much higher than the limits in edible mushroom regulated by GB 2762—2012,and the permissible limits in food promulgated by World Health Organization. The concentration of Cd,Pb,and Hg are more than the limit standard for most of edible fungi. The content of essential and toxic elements have a significant correlation with the origin. It is seriously to take into consideration when consume this edible fungi.