庆山寺地宫出土高浮雕人头胡瓶考——兼论印度教神像对粟特火祆教艺术的影响

A Foreign Ewer with the Six Relief Heads from the Cellar of Qingshan Temple——On the Influence of Hinduist Iconography on Sogdian Zoroastrianist Art

1985年,陕西临潼县庆山寺地宫出土了一件高浮雕人头胡瓶,造型奇特,腹部有六个高浮雕人头,但是它的产地及其艺术内涵迄今无人解读。据我们检测,这个胡瓶是黄铜(铜锌合金)打造的,当即法藏敦煌文书(P.2596)所谓"鍮石瓶子"。这件胡瓶采用鹤嘴流,器型与粟特胡瓶相同,而腹部高浮雕人头像实乃印度教战神塞健陀像。推测这个胡瓶的产地当在粟特与印度之间的罽宾国(今阿富汗贝格拉姆遗址)。庆山寺地宫出土鍮石胡瓶相当重要,为我们探讨印度教神像影响粟特火祆教艺术提供了又一范例。

A hu-style bottle with high relief figureheads was found in the underground chamber at the Qingshan monastery, Lintong County, Shaanxi Province, in 1985. This bottle has distinctive shape and design, with six high relief figureheads on its belly. Where did this bottle come from and its artistic contents remain unknown. According to our examination, we think that this bottle is made of copper （copper-zinc alloy） and is the so-called ~yu shiping zi＇ recorded in the Dunhuang archive, now housed in France. This bottle has a crane-like mouth. Its shape is very close to typical Sogdian bottles, while the high relief figureheads on its belly are depiction of the Hindu God of War Saijiantuo. It could be surmised that this bottle was made in the Kapisa Kingdom located between India and Sogdia. This bottle is a very important example for the influence of Hindu god figures on the Zoroastrianism art in Sogdia.