追寻神圣社会纪念爱弥尔·涂尔干逝世一百周年

After Sacred Society:Commemorate the 100th Anniversary of the Death of Emile Durkheim

本文试图从涂尔干所揭示的失范之现代性内在根源入手,详细剖解个人主义、民族主义以及表现为绝对国家意志的帝国主义的深刻的社会原因,并以此来表明涂尔干的核心思想任务,是在构成现代社会的所有要件之间,重新搭建起多重的连结纽带,使人重新回到具体的社会之中,使政治重新落实在具体的社会之中。为了全面揭示群体与国家、职业与民主、道德与政治的内在关联,涂尔干分别从法团、国家、财产、契约四个规范性范畴出发,对社会的性质做了历史论证。不仅如此,涂尔干在其宗教研究中,还从本体论、实在论、知识论和伦理学四个方面对社会存在做了证明。最后,本文还表明,涂尔干对教育核心议题的讨论,是试图解决道德的凝聚,乃至文明内在精神的传承等问题。本文希望以此来纪念这位思想的集大成者逝世一百周年。

The era that Durkheim lived in was the climax of the development of Western civilization as well as a time of profound crises. This paper begins with exploring the internal root of modernity in the state of anomie as discussed by Durkheim, and follows by an analysis of the social causes of the prevalence of individualism, nationalism and the imperialism of absolute state power. This is to demonstrate that the core theoretical task of Durkheim is to reconstruct multiple solidarity between all the key elements of modern society and therefore to place people in a concrete society and politics in a real social implementation. To fully reveal the inherent connection between groups and the state, professions and democracy, morality and politics, and to overcome the non - temporal limitation of moral statistics method, Durkheim demonstrated the concreteness of social facts through four normative categories： corporation, state, property and contract. Furthermore, Durkheim ＂s historical analysis dealt with the soul world based on norms, and his religious studies established a social being from the four aspects of ontology, realism, theory of knowledge and ethics. According to Durkheim, this was the only path to finally resolve the problem of norms and order. Lastly, this paper shows that, as an educator, Durkheim was concerned about the crisis of modernity and discussed in - depth the core issues of education such as by what kind of educational approaches, and what kind of sacred existence values people should be taught, how the transmission of knowledge achieves cohesion of morality and the inherent spirit of civilization and so on. In conclusion, this paper gives a systematic account of Durkheim＇s intellectual heritage in four aspects： crisis, history, religion and education, commemorating the centenary of the death of this great master of thought.