“价值由心”的危机与可能——由“诚”透显浪漫主义与心学的异同

The Crisis and Possibility of Value Judged through Heart: from the Romanticism to the Ming Dynasty's Neo-Confucianism Esprit

浪漫主义与心学对于人心怀有绝大的自信,都把道德价值判断的主体根本地放入人心。但最高自由的"心",念念之间皆可明可昧,发而应物之际又岂能例外?正是在这样的意义上,浪漫主义与"心学"不约而同地强调"诚"。虽同为"价值由心",浪漫主义价值观念注重主体的内在生命,强调在行动中"真诚"决绝地贯彻自我价值信仰,以道德的动机取代结果,甚至无需考虑人是否要对好的动机然而不幸的后果负责。相对而言,心学的"诚意"实乃循天理和复性工夫论,心学诚意工夫所以可能的超越根据在于明觉良知。浪漫主义与心学,一者为价值"由心创造",一者为"由心而发",由二者同所强调的"诚"契入,"价值由心"的危机与可能即可了然。

Both romanticism and the Ming school of mind emphasize sincerity. On the part of romanticism, moral motivation is regarded far more important than an action's results, which keeps a focus on subject's inner life, and emphasizes that one must be absolutely sincere in realizing one's belief, even though it might unfortunately bring about rather bad results. Such a view heavily influenced liberalism, existentialism, nationalism, and fascism as well. Similarly, some followers of the mind-based school in the late Ming dynasty were totally untrammeled in behavior because they thought that they were able to grasp the inner knowledge through a glimpse. However, in moral cultivation the inner knowledge as transcendent being must be supported by comprehensive moral efforts. To make ones' mind sincere is, in this regard, no other than the effort extending inner knowledge. It is true that the Ming Neo-Confucian esprit is essentially different from romanticism.