国家建制与重返人性——略论卢梭的道德政治观

State System and Returning to Humanity:On Rousseau's View of Moral Politics

卢梭认为,起初生活在自然状态下的人是自由平等的,并且人不害人,人性本来是善良的,只是到了社会状态,人性才逐渐被败坏。要重返人性的美好,就要寻找出一种结合的形式,使它能以全部共同的力量来卫护每个结合者的人身和财富,并且由于这一结合而使得每一个与全体相联合的个人又只不过是在服从其本人,并且仍像以往一样自由。通过社会契约,自由人实现自由联合,完成国家建制,建立政治社会。国家本质上是一个道德人格,是"公意"的化身,每个公民都必须服从国家,过有德性的生活。

Rousseau argues that people who were living in a natural state at first were free and equal,human beings were harmless and human nature was good.Just to the social state,human nature was gradually corrupted.To return to the goodness of human nature,it is necessary to find a form of combination,so that it can gather all the common strength to protect each person ＇s safety and wealth,and because of this combination makes each with the whole.The individual is only in the obedience of their own,and still as free as ever.Through the social contract,free people achieve free joint,complete the national system,establish political society.The state is essentially a moral character,the embodiment of＂willfulness＂,and every citizen must obey the state and have a virtuous life.