3Zhen Zhang, "An Amorous History of the Silver Screen": Film Culture. Urban Modernity, and the Vernacular Experience in China, Ph.D. dissertation (University of Chicago, 1998); Miriam Bratu Hansen, Fallen Women, Rising Stars. New Horizons:Shanghai Silent Film as Vernacular Modernism, Film Quarterly 54.1 (2000): P10-22.
4Zhen Zhang, An Amorous History of the Silver Screen." Shanghai Cinema and Vernacular Modernism, 1896-1937 (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2005.
5Yingjin Zhang (张英进) . ed., Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, 1922-1943 (Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press, 1999).
6Laikwan Pang (彭丽君) . Building a New China in Cinema: The Chinese Left-Wing Cinema Movement, 1932-1937 (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002).
7Zhen Zhang, Teahouse, Shadowplay,Bricolage: Laborers Love and the Question of Early Chinese Cinema,in Y. Zhang, Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai, P27-50.
8Linda Williams, ed., Viewing Positions." Ways of Seeing Film (New Brunswick,N J: Rutgers University Press, 1997).
9Sue Tuohy, Metropolitan Sounds." Music in Chinese Films of the 1930s ,in Y,Zhang, Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai.
10Tom Gunning, An Aesthetic of Astonishment: Early Film and the (In)Credulous Spectator, in Williams, Viewing Positions, P114-133; Tom Gunning. The Cinema of attractions: Early Film, Its Spectator and the Avant-Garde, Wide Angle 8.3-4 (1986):P63-70.
