4there was no commercially and technically feasible non - infringing alternative. IEEE-SA, IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws, http: //standards. ieee. org/guides/bylaws/sb - bylaws. pdf, 2008.3.3.
5ESSENTIAL as applied to IPR means that it is not possible on technical ( but not commercial) grounds, taking into account normal technical practice and the state of the art generally available at the time of standardization, ETSI, ETSI Guide on Intellectual Property Rights, http:// www. etsi. org/WebSite/document/Legal/ETSI Guide_on_IPRs. pdf, 2008.3.3.
6日本《专利法》第101条.
7日本《实用新型法》第28条.
8Daniel A. Crane, Patent Pools, RAND Commitments, and the Problematics of Price Discrimination, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law Jacob Burns Institute for Advanced Legal Studies April 2008 Working Paper No. 232, http://papers. ssm. com/sol3/papers, cfms? abstract_id = 1120071,2008.7.16.
9Pat Treacy and Sophie Lawrance, FRANDly Fire: Are Industry Standards Doing More Harm than Good? ,Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 2008, Vol. 3, No. 1,23.
