清代直隶的旗地圈补与地方社会结构的变动——以清代卫所变革为中心

The Enclosure and Compensation for Banner Land and the Changes of Local Social Structure in Zhili Province during the Qing Dynasty:A Study of the Reform of the Garrison System

清初在京畿地区大量圈占旗地,清廷为补偿被圈民户推行拨补政策,形成了大量的拨补地,明代卫所屯田是拨补地的主要来源之一。拨补卫所屯田推动了清初京畿卫所的裁改过程,但也引发了直隶地区州县与卫所之间的土地纠纷。由于拨补州县卫所与受补州县相隔较远,业主在经管拨补地时往往采用"一地两养"方式,这造成了清代直隶地区土地所有权结构与经营模式以及州县财政体制的变化。同时,建基于明代卫所与清代八旗两种不同制度的社会权力结构、人群构成方式也随之发生了深刻的变革。

At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, a large amount of land in the capital region was occupied and allocated to banner household. The owners whose land had been occupied subsequently were compensated mainly with garrison land （tun-tian） from the Ming dynasty. This transition facilitated the reform of the garrison system in the early Qing, but also caused many new problems, such as the disputes over garrison land between the civilian and military systems. Because of the great distance between the new landowners and their newly swapped lands, a special form of land management called ＂one field, two supports＂ （一地两养） emerged, which meant that a piece of land fed two different families, the landowner and the tenant. The series of changes had a profound influence upon the proprietorship and management of the land, the local fiscal system and the social structure Therefore, the founding history of the Banner system has system with a geographical dimension. in Zhili province during the Qing dynasty. to be understood in light of the Ming garrison