意向性：现象学方法的基础

Intentionality: The Basis of the Phenomenological Approach

意向性是现象学的核心问题。布伦塔诺复兴了经院哲学中的意向性概念,认为意向性是所有心理现象独有的定义性特征,但他将意识局限于单个意识片段。胡塞尔将意向性视为所有鲜活体验具有的意义赋予特征。从意向对象和意向行为看,意向性既涉及意义赋予,也涉及意义阐明。他详细描述了感知、记忆、幻想和意志行为以及对于判断行为的意向特征,并将对象意向性拓展到视域意向性。现象学传统有明确的连续性:虽然胡塞尔的解释被海德格尔彻底转变,胡塞尔的解释却预示了梅洛·庞蒂对于具身、习惯和实践的意向性的分析,他们三者都更深入关注人类生存的意向性,包括对背景、语境和视域的领会。艾瑞斯·扬对于性别的、身体的意向性的分析拓宽了意向性研究的维度。分析哲学家基本继承了布伦塔诺对意向性的理解。塞尔和丹尼特基于表象主义和自然主义努力将意向性自然化,而现象学的意向性研究是令人信服的备选项。

lntentionality is central to phenomenology. Brentano revived the notion of intentionality from late Scholasticism and construed it as the defining feature of all mental phenomena, but he restricted it to individual conscious episodes. Husserl construed intentionality as the meaning-endowing character of all lived experiences. In terms of intentional object and act, intentionality refers both to meaning-endowing and meaning explication. He analyzed the intentional features of perceptions, memories, fantasies, acting of willing and expanded object-intentionality to horizon-intentionality. There is a clear continuity in thephenomenological tradition in that Husserl＇s account is radicalized by Heideggerand informs Merleau- Ponty＇s analysis of embodied, habitual andpractical intentionality. They were all concerned about the intentionality of human existence, including the apprehension of background, context and horizon.Iris Youngadds a new dimension by highlighting how gendered, bodily intentionalityemerges inresponse to prevailing cultural norms. Searle and Dennett want tonaturalize intentionality, whereas phenomenological approaches to intentionality offercompelling alternatives.