从“六经皆史”到“四部皆通”——论章学诚的知识分类学

From “Six Confucian Classics Being History” to “Four-Branch Being Coherence”——On Zhang Xuecheng's Knowledge Taxonomy

以往讨论章学诚的"六经皆史"论,多局限在"经史关系"的问题域之下,以至于辨析愈微,去题愈远,而忽略了章学诚还曾在更宽阔的视域下提出了很多类似的命题,这些命题包括:"经入于史""古之子即后之集""子衰而集兴""史蕴子意"等,这都是对刘歆"诸子出于王官"的结构性模仿。这些相互关联的命题构成了一个"四部皆通"整体知识图景,其中"史乃经之流""集乃子之流"是两条最重要的路径,构成中国学术史演进的二水分流,这体现了章学诚凭借其隐喻式思维,追求对知识分类和演变的独特理解。在这个整体图景下,以隐喻的思维方式,跳出经史关系论的畛域,"六经皆史"论才能得以充分解释。

In previous discussions, ＂Six Confucian Classics being history＂ had been restricted to the problem area of relationship between classics and history, and omitted such similar propositions which proposed by Zhang Xuecheng about ＂Classics into history＂, ＂ancient philosophical works is current belles-lettres＂, ＂philosophical works declined with the rise of belles-lettes＂, ＂history contains the spirit of philosophical works＂, and so on. Essentially, these correlated propositions as structural imitations of ＂philosophers grow out of royal Court＂ by Liu Xin, which made a whole scene of knowledge of ＂Four-Branch being coherence＂, all embodied Zhang Xuecheng＇s metaphorical thinking. Only if in the whole scene, and by the way of thinking, the argument of ＂Six Confucian Classics being history＂ will be correctly comprehended.