外泌体与微粒的特异性比较及在中枢神经系统中的作用研究进展

Comparison of exosomes and microparticles specificities and their roles in central nervous system

外泌体是细胞分泌的直径约为40～100nm的大小均一的囊泡小体。微粒是细胞分泌的直径约为100～1000nm的大小不一的囊泡小体。两者都广泛存在于外周血、尿液、唾液、腹水、羊水、脑脊液等体液中，包含多种蛋白质、RNA等生物分子，参与细胞间的信息传递和物质交换，在生理和病理过程中有着重要作用。外泌体能作为物质运输的载体对疾病进行靶向治疗，而微粒可以作为一种新型的生物标记物对疾病作出早期诊断并指导预后。中枢神经系统疾病因其复杂性和难预测性，一直在早期诊断和治疗效果方面有所不足。本文通过比较外泌体与微粒的特异性及对两者在中枢神经系统中的主要作用及机制进行论述，以期探讨中枢神经系统疾病的新型诊疗手段。

Exosomes are homogeneous membrance-derived microvesicles shed by cells, their sizes ranged from 40 to 100 nm. As for microparticles, they are small heterogeneous vesicles at diameters of 100 to 1000 nm shed by cells. Both of them exist in a wide range of body fluids, including peripheral blood, urine, saliva, ascites, anmiotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, with various kinds of biomolecules like proteins and RNAs. Exosomes and microparticles play important roles in cell-to-cell information transmissions and substance exchanges, contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. Exosomes, functioning as the carriers of material transportation, serve as targeted therapy in disease treatments. Microparticle, a new type biomarker, plays an important role in diagnosing the early-stage of diseases and predicting the prognoses. The central nervous system diseases are lacked of early-stage diagnoses and effective treatments because of the complexity and unpredictability. This review is to focus on the specific comparisons between exosomes and microparticles as well as their central nervous system functions and mechanisms, and also to explore the new treatments of the central nervous system diseases.