民族文化视角下黄土高原生态移民的生计重建

Livelihood rebuild of Loess Plateau ecological migrants in the view of ethnic cultures

黄土高原地区生态移民所面临的生计重建困难中叠加了少数民族的生计转换问题。本文分析了移民户搬迁阶段"搬得出",重建阶段才"稳得住",进而依据生计的概念将生计重建划分为经济重建、社区重建、文化重建三个维度,在此基础上提出"搬迁与生计重建"两阶段模型。研究发现民族文化体现在两阶段模型中生计重建的三个维度上,其特征分别是:回族信仰伊斯兰文化,"围寺而居",生计方式多样化;蒙古族以游牧文化为主,"逐水草而居",依赖天然草场打猎放牧;汉族以中国传统文化为主流,主要表现为定居农耕文明。除民族文化因素外,移民户的资本禀赋、搬迁政策的实施状况和移民户的态度对生计重建也有重要影响。因此,搬迁政策应关注那些不同民族文化背景下的群体生计特征,提高搬迁补偿标准以提高移民的搬迁自愿性,把帮扶措施同移民户家庭经营的活力结合起来,提高移民户应对贫困风险的可行能力。

Ecological migrants are facing the challenge of livelihood transformation of ethnic minority in addition to many other difficulties during their livelihood rebuild process in the Loess Plateau. This paper constructed a two-stage model of migrant relocation and livelihood rebuild, and analyzed the relationship between them. In addition, this paper also divided the livelihood rebuild into three dimensions, including economic rebuild, cultural rebuild, and community rebuild based on the concept of livelihood. Results show that the ethnic culture is embodied in the three dimensions of the two-stage model： the Hui ethnic group’s belief is Islamic culture, living around the temple with a diversified lifestyle, the Mongol ethnic group’s nomadic culture dominates their life, relying on natural pasture for hunting and grazing, the Han ethnic group takes the Chinese traditional culture as the mainstream, mainly for the settlement of agricultural civilization. This study also shows that the cultural background, living capital, the implementation of relocation policies and attitudes of migrant households have important impacts on their livelihood rebuild. Therefore, the relocation policy should focus on the livelihood characteristics of different ethnic migrants, raise relocation compensation standards to improve voluntary relocation of migrants, combine aid measures with the vitality of the migrant families, and improve the ability of migrant households to cope with poverty risks.