马克思个人所有制思想的法哲学解读——以“杜林问题”为核心

Interpretation of Marx's Individual Ownership from the Perspective of Philosophy of Law——Focusing on “Duhring Problem”

杜林在批评马克思《资本论》第一卷中的个人所有制思想时提出了个人所有制何以又是社会所有制的问题即"杜林问题"。这一问题的答案蕴含于马克思早期的法哲学思想之中。马克思在批判黑格尔法哲学和国民经济学的过程中,一方面把社会理解为个人活动的社会性质,另一方面又把个人理解为社会存在物,把社会和个人看作以实践为基础的能动的辩证关系。马克思在分析财产之本质的时候指出劳动产品是一种感性的社会联系纽带,赋予了所有制以实践、总体性与所有等三个方面的基本内涵。私有制作为所有制在特定历史条件下的产物,其结果是生产资料的所有者对社会关系的控制,是人对人的剥削。社会所有制的目的则在于更好地保证个人对于生产资料和劳动产品的占有与利用,为个人的全面发展提供真正的保障。因此,把社会所有制称作个人所有制更能体现其本质内容和历史意义。

When Duhring criticized Marx＇s individual ownership mentioned in the first volume of The Capital,he put forward the question why individual ownership was social ownership, which was called ＂Duhring problem＂. The answer to this question was contained in Marx＇s early philosophy of law. In the process of criticizing Hegel＇s philosophy of law and national economics,Marx regarded society as the social nature of the individual activities on the one hand, and individual as social existence on the other hand, so the individual and the society were of dialectical relationship based on practice. When analyzing the nature of property, Marx pointed out that the labor product was a perceptual social link, thus the ownership had three connotations of practice, totality and possession. Private ownership,as a product of ownership under specific historical conditions, inevitably led to the eontrol of social relations by the owner of the means of production, and to the exploitation of man by man. The purpose of social ownership was to ensure the individual＇s possession, the use of the means of production and the labor products, and to provide real protection for the overall development of the individual. It embodied more essential content and historical significance to call social ownership as individual ownership.