“三二〇”事件后蒋介石与党军体制的变易——兼析党军、文武主从关系的变动

Jiang Jieshi and the Change of the Party-Army System after the March Twentieth Incident: an Analysis of the Transformation of the Relationship between the Party and the Army and between the Civilian and Military Power

国民政府成立后,汪精卫在推进党军体制、强化权力的过程中,与蒋介石产生越来越尖锐的摩擦,直至1926年发生"三二〇"事件。事件后至8月下旬北伐军击败湖南境内吴佩孚势力期间,蒋介石大力更动党军体制。体制的变易,既是党军、文武两对主从关系变化的结果,又强化着军主党从和武主文从。体制的变更表明:虽历经改组,国民党依然受制于各军事实力派;国民党政权及其军队仍旧带有深厚的宗法派系的烙印。尽管体制更易,改组后党治为表的大势却不可逆转。从短期看,以蒋介石为代表的军人地位的上升,迎合了战争时代的要求,对北伐及定都南京有不小的正面价值。但从长期看,不能不说国民党政权的军事烙印太深,向现代政党政治的转型并不成功,这给党政军的未来命运埋下了重大隐患。

After the establishment of the Nationalist government,Wang Jingwei had more and more conflicts with Jiang Jieshi when Wang tried to promote the Party-army system and consolidate his power. This resulted in the March Twentieth Incident. From this incident to late August when the Northern Expedition Army defeated Wu Peifu's army in Hunan,Jiang had been making efforts to reform the Party-army system. The change in the Party-army system resulted from the new situation in the power structure,namely the superiority of the army over the Party,the military over the civilian power,and in return reinforced the new situation. The system change illustrated that despite its reorganization,the Nationalist Party was still restrained by all the local military powers and the government and army of the Nationalist regime still had a salient characteristic of patriarchal factions. However, the symbolic significance of the Party rule established after the reorganization of the Nationalist party could not be reversed. In a short run,the rising power of the military leaders such as Jiang Jieshi met the need for the wartime and had positive influence on the Northern Expedition and the establishment of the Nanjing government. Yet,in the long run,especially compared with the party revolutions in Mexico and Turkey,the Nationalist regime had a very strong hue of military color,so it was not so successful to transform to a modern political party,which was a latent danger in the future of the party,government,and army of the Nationalist regime.