1936—1937年广东币制改革的券币比率之争

The Debate on the Rate of Currency Exchange in the Currency Reform in Guangdong in 1936—1937

1935年11月南京国民政府实施的法币改革被视为统一全国货币的标志性事件,但实际上各地改革步调并不一致。陈济棠军事割据是国民政府在广东推行法币政策的最大障碍,财政部多次派员商洽无果而终。自1936年7月广东"还政中央"以后,国民政府再次派要员南下改革广东币制。如何确定券币比率引发诸多争议,商界大多主张"不超过加三",财政部以毫券准备金不足为由暂定"不超过加五",商界反复交涉亦未能变更。1937年1月以后,面对涨价风潮和金融风潮,商界要求减低券币比率的呼声再起,并得到广东军政当局的支持,形成一股强大的合力,迫使国民政府于1937年6月公布将券币比率改订为"加四四"。广东券币比率的最终确定实质上是各方经过反复博弈后在国家与地方利益之间达成的一种平衡,这表明在中央强化集权、垄断金融的态势下,地方仍有争取利益的空间。

The Fabi reform promulgated by the Nanjing Nationalist government in November 1935 is regarded a landmark in the unification of national currency,but the implementation of the policy was actually varying nationwide. The local military regime of Chen Jitang was the largest obstacle to carry out this policy in Guangdong. The Ministry of Finance tried to negotiate with it for several times but made no progress. After Guangdong came back into the control of the central government in July 1936,the Nationalist government once again sent high officials to deal with the financial problems and reform the currency system in Guangdong. How to determine the exchange rate invoked many debates between local businessmen and the Ministry of Finance. After January 1937,with the support of the Guangdong local authority,the Guangdong businessmen eventually forced the central government to change the exchange rate in favor of the local people in June 1937. The final exchange rate embodied the balance between the national and local interests after repeatedly bargaining and negotiation. It illustrated that in the situation of the centralization of power and monopoly of finance of the Nationalist government,the local still had some space to fight for their interests.