法治社会的理性共识——以《十二公民》诠释审议民主对个人偏好的转化

The Rational Consensus of the Society Ruled by Law——An Interpretation of Individual Preference Transformed by Deliberative Democracy for Example of “Twelve Citizens”

多元主义政治观认为,个人偏好是外在于政治过程的、固定不变的,政治活动不过是对个人偏好的汇总;共和主义政治观认为,个人偏好与政治过程紧密关联、可以被改变,政治审议会重塑个人偏好。具体到民主决策程序层面,多元主义政治观倾向于实行票决民主,而共和主义政治观推崇审议民主。采取多数原则的票决民主,不仅无法实现对个人偏好的转化,还会对少数意见产生压制,进而极大地妨害了决策结论的正当性和稳定性。审议民主在搭建公共讨论平台、促成理性共识、塑造公民方面有着重要的价值。当代中国正处于深刻的社会转型期,公民意识高涨,社会冲突加剧,迫切需要通过恰当的方式引导公民理性表达诉求。藉由不同层面的民主审议历练,形成关心公共利益的公民文化,为深化民主进程积累经验和共识。

Pluralism politics supposes personal preference is external to political process and fixed;political activity is but a summary of personal preferences.In contrast,the republican political view is that personal preference is closely related to political process and can be changed;political council will reshape personal preference.As for the democratic decision-making process,the political pluralism outlook tends to implement democratic ballot,while the republican political outlook advocates deliberative democracy.Ballot democracy not only fails to achieve the transformation of personal preference,but also suppresses the minority＇s views,thereby greatly affecting the legitimacy and stability of decision making conclusions.Deliberative democracy is valuable in building a public platform for discussion,promoting rational consensus,and shaping citizens.Contemporary China is undergoing profound social transformation,civic awareness is rising,social conflicts are exacerbating,it is urgently needed to guide citizens to express their demands rational through an appropriate manner.With different levels of democratic deliberation,a civic culture focusing on public interest should be cultivated in order to accumulate experience for deepening the democratic process,and reaching a consensus.