宋代城市无业游民研究之一——以《夷坚志》为中心考察

Research into Habitual Loafers in the Cities of Song Dynasty(1)——Study Centered on Yi Jian Zhi

宋代无业游民问题较诸前代变得更加尖锐和更为突出。笔者在《宋代城市无业游民研究之二》一文中,分析了宋代城市无业游民问题的成因及其特质,并根据洪迈志怪小说集《夷坚志》的记载,胪列了宋代城市无业游民游手好闲、嗜酒嗜赌、无赖狂荡、喜围观凑热闹的种种恶习。通过《夷坚志》,继续挖掘宋代城市无业游民的种种劣迹及社会危害。从《夷坚志》的记载可知,宋代城市无业游民除前述诸种恶习外,不务正业好邪门歪道及各种玩术;玩弄占卜、相命、相面、测字等把戏骗钱;热衷掺和群众性娱乐及迷信活动;浪游不羁;好逸恶劳,乞食市井,也是其常态表现,并不时滋事生乱,制造麻烦祸端。

Compared with that in the previous dynasties, the problem of habitual loafers in the Song Dynasty, had become sharper and more severe. The writer, Research into Habitual Loafers in the Cities of Song Dynasty （2） has analyzed its reasons and features, based on Hong Mai＇s Yi Jian Zhi, the largest collection of ghost stories in the Song Dynasty, enumerated their various bad habits such as idling about, being addicted to drink- ing and gambling, being wild and prodigal, and liking looking on and adding trouble. This paper is centered on Yi Jian Zhi and is aimed to making a further study of their evil doings and harms to the society. In addition to the above-mentioned evil habits, they did not engage in honest work, had a liking for various dishonest means, got addicted to practicing divination and physiognomy and glyphomancy, and telling fortune to make money, were active in participating in mass entertainments and superstitious activities; became dissipated and unrestrained, indulged in ease and comfort and disliked labor, begged in the street and marketplace, and al- ways made trouble.