清代朝鲜“犯禁”问题研究——以《同文汇考》所载军需品相关文书为中心

On “Illegal Smugglings” of the Chosun Dynasty in Qing Dynasty——Based on Related Documents of Munitions Recorded in “Tong Wen Hui Kao”

朝鲜自"壬辰倭乱"以来对火药武器的研发与应用,以及孝宗、显宗时期的北伐政策,使得国内对焰硝等物品的需求量急剧增加。朝鲜对焰硝等军需品的"犯禁",与清代的禁购法规,以及朝鲜政府的默认、译商等人的牟利目的等相关联。《同文汇考》所载朝鲜"犯禁"事件,大多是译商等人的个人走私行为,但其次数远远超过文献记载之量。清廷对朝鲜"犯禁"事件的处罚力度,从清初的严厉到康熙后期的放缓,在一定程度上反映出清朝与朝鲜两国关系的走向。

The Chosun Dynasty's development and application of gunpowder weapons since the "Renchen Japanese invasion",as well as the Northern Expedition policy of the King Xiaozong and Xianzong period which made saltpeter and other items increase sharply for domestic demand.The Chosun Dynasty's illegal smugglings on saltpeter and other munitions were associated with Qing Dynasty's purchase ban as well as the default of Chosun government and profit-making purposes of translators and businessmen.The illegal smugglings of Chosun Dynasty recorded in "Tong wen hui kao",were mostly personal smugglings of translators and businessmen,and the number of times of illegal smuggling were far more than literature's records.The punishment intensity of the Qing dynasty towards illegal smugglings of the Chosun Dynasty,from severity of the early Qing Dynasty to the lenient punishment of the later Emperor Kangxi,reflected the trend of relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the Chosun Dynasty.