论协议型企业联营的反垄断规制

On the Anti-Monopoly Regulation of Agreement Type Joint Ventures

企业联营既有可能构成反竞争的经营者集中,也有可能构成垄断协议。为逃避规制,核心卡特尔经常披着协议型企业联营的面纱,而协议型企业联营也间或伪装成单一实体,使对其规制备具挑战,成为反垄断法实施水准的试金石。中国《反垄断法》目前对企业联营的垄断协议规制未作专门规定,在实践应对中,如若规制方法过于保守或僵化,则难免会陷于概念与类型化困境。只有揭开企业联营面纱,在法律规则及其适用对象之间穿梭往复,改造既有类型化方法,区分形式上与实质性的企业联营,根据市场环节的不同划分应予以不同强度规制的企业联营类型,识别内部结构限制与外部行为限制的表现方式与竞争影响,及其在剥离附属性限制与主要限制中的作用,才能提出制度架构和规制流程上的合意指引。

A joint venture may constitute a concentration of undertakings of anti-com- petitive nature or a monopolistic agreement. To avoid regulation, a hardcore cartel often puts on the veil of agreement type joint venture and an agreement type joint venture often disguises itself as a single entity, making the regulation of joint venture a real challenge, and thus a touchstone of anti-monopoly application. In China, the current Anti-monopoly Law does not contain a spe- cific stipulation on joint venture. If only we can base our research on effective regulatory meth- od, the theory and practice of joint venture regulation will not be lost in a maze of notions and typologies. Furthermore, to provide a desirable guidance concerning institutional framework and application process, we have to reshape the current method of categorization to match the legal regulation and the object it is designed to regulate, to distinguish joint ventures in form and those in substance, to put different weights on different types of joint ventures according to their positions in the commercialization process, to discern the manifestation and competitive effect of internal structural restraints and external behavioral restraints of joint ventures, as well as their role in separating the ancillary restraints from major restraints.