权利优先性的困境及其解决

Dilemmas of Priority of Rights and Their Solutions

权利优先性是指在政治实践推理中权利应该优先于社会总体的功利计算。信奉自由至上主义和自由平等主义的政治哲学家、法理学家广泛地分享这一理念,德沃金提出的"作为王牌的权利"观念是其最为著名的表述形式。权利优先性观念自诞生以来就伴随着争议,概括起来其面临着三个困境:权利依据之困、权利适用之困与紧急状态之困。为权利优先性命题作出辩护是可能的,前提是必须通过祛除对权利性质的一些误解,更新我们的权利观念。

Priority of rights means that rights should take precedence over social utility calculation in political reasoning. This idea is widely shared by liberal egalitarian political phi- losophers and jurists, and Dworkin＇ s ＂rights as trumps＂ is its most famous form of expression. Rights priority faces three dilemmas ： namely the dilemma of the basis of rights, the dilemma of the application of rights and the dilemma of the state of emergency. It is possible to justify the claim of the priority of rights, provided that the misunderstandings of the nature of rights are dispelled and the concept of rights renewed.