蒋介石国民政府建立一党军事独裁统治的文化原因探析——以力行哲学为视角

Analysis on the Cultural Reasons behind the Establishment of the One-party Military Dictatorship by Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist Government——From the Perspective of Chiang Kai-shek's Philosophy of Practice

力行哲学是蒋介石统治集团的官方哲学思想。蒋介石认为,"行"能创造一切,"诚"是推动社会进化和一切革命之"行"的原动力。因此,蒋介石希冀加强党员、干部、军队、普通群众的伦理道德建设来激发个人"为公"的天性,从而促使国民都能自觉自愿地参加革命力行建国,实现民族复兴。然而,走向了唯心主义的力行哲学不仅内在地削弱了国民革命的主体力量,滑向了精英主义,而且在政策层面上重道德、轻法治,动摇了国民政府制度化的行政基础。所谓的"精英"并没有起到蒋介石所预期的道德模范作用,反在法制真空的环境下为所欲为。由此,在内忧外患的情形下,蒋介石的政治文化根本不具备强大的统摄力,从而不得不诉诸军事独裁统治勉强维持政权。

Philosophy of practice was the official philosophy of the Kuomintang led by Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang Kai-shek thought that ＂action＂has the ability to create everything and ＂kindness＂was the original driving force of social evolution and all the revolutionary actions. Therefore,Chiang Kai-shek hoped to strengthen the moral construction of party members,cadres,the army,and the general public so as to stimulate the individual＂one for all＂nature,which in turn encourages the people to voluntarily participate in the revolutionary process of national rejuvenation. However,in reality,the idealized philosophy of practice not only weakened the main force for the national revolution internally,but also pushed the Kuomintang into elitism.Moreover,the act of focusing on moral values and overlooking the law on the policy level has shaken the administrative basis of the institutionalization of the Nationalist Government. The so-called ＂elites＂did not play their roles as moral models like Chiang Kai-shek expected. Instead,because of the lack of legislation,they did whatever they wished. Thus,in the context of internal and external crises,Chiang Kai-shek＇s political culture did not have a strong governing power,which in the end forced him to resort to military dictatorship to maintain power.