蒋介石与战时外交体制探析——以宋子文使美为中心

Chiang Kai-shek and Wartime Diplomatic System:Centered on T.V.Soong's Mission to the Unites States

国民政府战时外交体制的功用,体现在重大外交决策以及人事安排上,其特征就是高度集权于蒋介石个人。自1940年6月起,宋子文以蒋介石个人代表的身份长驻美国期间,直接对蒋介石本人负责,与蒋介石之间的重要联系力求绕开行政院副院长孔祥熙和外交部,也绕开驻美大使胡适,对美交涉成就显著,是战时外交体制灵活、高效、保密且成功运作的范例。蒋介石的最高决策地位,既是战时外交体制的基本特征,也是这一体制得以维系运作的重要因素。战时外交体制的确立,固然是国民党和国民政府的集体抉择,但对战时外交体制的认同却是非常复杂和难以掌控的,其运作过程的稳定性也就难以保证,这也是战时外交体制的主要局限性所在。

The function of the wartime diplomatic system of the national government was illustrated by the significant diplomatic policy-making and the arrangement of personnel, in which system the authority was highly centralized by Chiang Kai-shek alone. T. V. Soong was based in the United States as the personal representative of Chiang and was responsible to Chiang since June 1940. When faced with important affairs, Soong tried to bypass H. H. Kung who was the vice president of the Executive Yuan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs andHu Shih who was the ambassador to the United States,so as to directly contact Chiang. Remarkable achievement was made in the negotiation with the United States during this period, which was a successful example of the flexibility, high-efficiency and confidentialityof the wartime diplomatic system. Chiang＇ s supreme status in policy-making was both the essential characteristic of the wartime diplomatic system and the important factor in maintaining the system. It was no doubt that the establishment of the wartime diplomatic system was approved by the Kuomintang and the Nationalist government. However, the recognition of the system was rather complicated and hard to control, in which case it was difficult to guarantee the stability of the system. The lack of stability became the major limitation of the wartime diplomatic system.